Vaginal Atrophy & Estrogen

Vaginal atrophy, also known as atrophic vaginitis or genitourinary syndrome of
menopause (GSM), is a condition that commonly affects women, especially after
menopause, but it can also occur during other life stages due to factors such as
breastfeeding, cancer treatments, or certain medical conditions. It is characterized by
the thinning, drying, and inflammation of the vaginal walls, along with a decrease in
natural lubrication and elasticity of the vaginal tissues.

Vaginal atrophy occurs primarily as a result of hormonal changes, particularly the
decrease in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause or after certain medical
treatments. Estrogen is a key hormone that plays a significant role in maintaining the
health of the vaginal tissues. When estrogen levels decline, the vaginal tissues become
thinner, less elastic, and more fragile, leading to various uncomfortable and bothersome
symptoms such as:

1. Vaginal dryness: Reduced lubrication, which can result in pain and discomfort
   during intercourse.
2. Vaginal itching or burning: Irritation and inflammation of the vaginal tissues.
3. Painful intercourse (dyspareunia): Due to the thinning of the vaginal walls,
   intercourse can become painful.
4. Vaginal discomfort: A general feeling of discomfort, dryness, or a sense of
   “tightness” in the vaginal area.
5. Urinary symptoms: Such as frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs), urgency, or
   urinary incontinence, as the changes in the vaginal tissues can affect the urethra
   and bladder.

The use of estrogen can be an effective treatment for vaginal atrophy. Here’s how
estrogen helps:

1. Restoration of vaginal tissue: Estrogen therapy helps rebuild and rejuvenate
   the vaginal tissues by increasing the thickness and elasticity of the vaginal walls.
   This can alleviate dryness and discomfort.
2. Improved lubrication: Estrogen helps stimulate the production of natural vaginal
   lubrication, making sexual activity more comfortable and enjoyable.
3. Relief from vaginal symptoms: Estrogen therapy can relieve itching, burning,
   and pain in the vaginal area, leading to improved overall quality of life.